14/08/2026
Welcome back to another Owen Guns Firearm Friday, where each week we reach into the museum collection and pull out another piece of fi****ms history. This week we’re heading back to the golden age of the American lever-action rifle with a name that is far less familiar than Wi******er or Marlin!. The Whitney-Kennedy, represented in our collection by an almost forgotten example chambered in .38-40 Wi******er Center Fire.
When most people picture an American lever-action rifle of the late 1800s, the Wi******er Model 1873 is usually the first firearm that comes to mind. Wi******er dominated the repeating-rifle market, but it certainly wasn't alone. A number of manufacturers attempted to challenge Wi******er, and one of the most interesting was the Whitney Arms Company of Whitneyville, near New Haven, Connecticut. The Whitney name had already been associated with American fi****ms manufacture for generations, beginning with Eli Whitney's establishment of his armoury around the turn of the 19th century. By the 1870s and 1880s, the company was still producing fi****ms and looking for a way into the increasingly important lever-action repeating-rifle market.
The story of the Whitney-Kennedy begins with prolific American fi****ms designer Andrew Burgess. Burgess developed a large-frame lever-action repeating rifle that Whitney began manufacturing as the Model 1878 Burgess. Chambered in .45-70 Government, the rifle was intended in part to compete in the American military rifle trials of the period. Military adoption never eventuated, and production of the Burgess was relatively small, with fewer than approximately 2,000 believed to have been manufactured between late 1878 and early 1880. Nevertheless, the design provided Whitney with the foundation for a much more commercially successful sporting rifle.
In 1880, Samuel V. Kennedy and Frank W. Tiesing redesigned the Burgess system to accommodate smaller and increasingly popular sporting cartridges. The resulting rifle became known today as the Whitney-Kennedy. The transition happened remarkably quickly, the final Burgess rifles were shipped in March 1880, and the first Kennedy rifles were shipped that same month. Production continued until approximately 1886, with the Eli Whitney Museum estimating total production at around 23,500 rifles and carbines.
The Whitney-Kennedy appeared in a surprisingly broad selection of cartridges. Early production centred around the popular .44 Wi******er Center Fire, or .44-40, while later examples were offered in cartridges including .45-60, .45-75, .40-60 and, importantly for the rifle we are looking at today, .38-40 WCF. Late production also included examples in .50-95 and .32-20. As production evolved, the rifle changed in other ways as well, including the introduction of the more conventional loop-style operating lever in place of the distinctive earlier serpentine or S-shaped lever.
Our firearm is chambered in .38-40 Wi******er Center Fire, one of the classic American black-powder cartridges of the period. Despite its name, the .38-40 actually uses a projectile of roughly .40 calibre. It was essentially developed by necking down the .44-40 case and became associated with Wi******er's Model 1873 around 1879–1880. A typical period loading used a roughly 180-grain projectile, and the cartridge offered shooters less recoil and a somewhat flatter trajectory than the larger .44-40.
The .38-40 would go on to become particularly useful as both rifles and revolvers were chambered for it. In the American West, having a rifle and handgun capable of using the same ammunition was a genuine convenience for farmers, ranchers, travellers and outdoorsmen. While the .44-40 became the most famous of these dual-purpose cartridges, the .38-40 earned a strong following of its own and remained in use long after the black-powder era that produced it.
Mechanically and visually, the Whitney-Kennedy is an alternative to the Wi******er rifles that have come to define this period. It uses the familiar combination of a lever-operated action and tubular magazine beneath the barrel, but the shape of the receiver, lever and associated mechanism gives the Whitney a character all of its own. Earlier Kennedy rifles are particularly recognisable by their unusual S-shaped lever, while later production moved towards the more familiar loop lever. Examples could also be encountered as rifles and carbines and with different barrel configurations, making the surviving variations an interesting field for collectors today.
Production was generally placed between 1880 and 1886, and Whitney subsequently introduced the Scharf magazine rifle before the Whitney Arms Company was sold to Wi******er in February 1888. In a rather fitting end to the story, one of Wi******er's competitors was ultimately absorbed by the very company whose lever-action rifles had dominated the market Whitney was attempting to enter.
Today, the Whitney-Kennedy occupies a fascinating place in American fi****ms history. It never achieved the fame of the Wi******er 1873, but that is precisely what makes examples like our .38-40 Whitney-Kennedy so interesting. It represents an era when American manufacturers and inventors were rapidly experimenting with repeating actions, new metallic cartridges and different solutions to the same problem. Rather than simply being another old lever gun, the Whitney is a surviving reminder that the American lever-action story involved considerably more competition and innovation than the Wi******er name alone might suggest.
That wraps up another Owen Guns Firearm Friday! The next time you see an old lever-action rifle, don't automatically assume it's a Wi******er, companies like Whitney were right there competing during one of the most innovative periods in fi****ms history. Our .38-40 Whitney-Kennedy is a fantastic survivor from that era and another unusual piece we're proud to preserve in the Owen Guns museum collection.
Join us again next Friday when we'll pull another piece from the collection, dust off the history and see what story it has to tell. Until then keep your powder dry and we'll see you next Firearm Friday!